Pyrrhura is a genus of parrots in the Arini tribe. They occur in tropical and subtropical South America and southern Central America ( Panama and Costa Rica ). Most are restricted to humid forest and adjacent habitats, but one species, the blaze-winged parakeet, prefers deciduous or gallery woodland, and another.

Contents • • • • • • • • Description [ ] Larva [ ] The green, mature caterpillar is unique among Australian butterflies. A yellow line runs along each side, and the back is marked by one or more crescent shapes.

The green head has two pairs of long horns besides a smaller set behind the head-scale. Adult [ ] The upperside is boldly marked in black and white, with narrow blue-grey margins, and specks of orange on the hindwings. The prominent double-pointed tails gives the butterfly its name. The underwing of both sexes are marked in complex patterns of red and yellow brown, against on a white background, bordered by black outlines and an orange edge to the hindwing. Range [ ] Though formerly limited to northern and eastern Australia, it expanded its range during the 1970s. It may now be found in southern New South Wales, Victoria and eastern South Australia, but it is not permanently established.

Its residence in the southern regions depends on mild winters, and availability of their food plants. It was first noted in Adelaide in 1973, where it remains rare. Food plants [ ] The larval food is the foliage of certain native and introduced tree species. The native species include wattles,,, and species, while the is an exotic species that is also favoured.

Adults may feed on the sap of trees, rotting fruit and moisture from dung. Habits [ ] These fast, strong flyers are mostly seen in the dry season. Males frequent hilltops, and establish territories, by perching head down, some 3 m up in trees, while they move the hindwings move up and down. Two or more generations may be produced annually. Gallery [ ] •.

Contents • • • • • • • Overview [ ] 'NP' carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of, ice studies,,,,,,. On average, an 'NP' station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for, and 600 to 650 launches.,, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift. The modern 'NP' drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment.

Usually an 'NP' station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the reaches the. Polar explorers are substituted yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at 'NP' stations. There are two groups of 'NP' stations: • stations, drifting on the (i.e. Relatively thin and short-lived ice):'NP-1' through 'NP-5', 'NP-7' through 'NP-17', 'NP-20', 'NP-21' • stations, drifting on ice islands ( fragments, that were split from the shore): 'NP-6', 'NP-18', 'NP-19', 'NP-22'. All 'NP' stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) (AARI).

History [ ] An idea to use the for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the belongs to, who fulfilled it on between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the in 1937, when the first such station in the world,, started operations.